This page provides a preliminary summary on the following items for Romania:

1. Spatial Planning
 

1.1 Legislation and Regulations

The Ministry of Public Works and Territorial Management is the highest organ at the national level. [29]

1.3 Coastal Policy

No information received.
 
 

2. Environment
 

2.1 Legislation and Regulations

The ministry of Waters, Forests, and Environmental Protection represents the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), a central specialised body of the administrative power. The ministry has specific competencies regarding the improvement of environmental factors, water management and nuclear activity monitoring.
The Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection has in its subordination territorial Environment Protection Agencies and four Advisory committees. [31]

2.3 Environmental Policy

3.1 Legislation and Regulations

The need of protection in some specific areas of the Dobrogea region has been imposed since 1939, when a natural reserve was established in the Agigea locality. Later the problems of protecting nature were extended and diversified within four specific categories: florist, faunistic, geologic and complex reserves. The protected areas in Dobrogea are categorised as 19 scientific reserves, 7 natural monuments, 11 natural reserves, 1 landscape reserve and the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. On the whole the surface of the natural areas which are protected cover 48% of Dobrogea. More than 60 % of the total protected areas in the coastal zone of Romania is situated in Tulcea county. [35]
 
 

4. Sectoral Development
 

4.1 Coastal Defence

Over 70 % of the littoral length are affected by erosion. In the last 30 years the shoreline belonging to the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve took back with 300 meters and the beaches lost 80 ha/year. Another negative aspect for this sector is referring to the constructions build near the shoreline or even on the beach. It is obvious that there is a need for some regulations in this field.

4.2 Recreation and Tourism

In the tourist industry, which might be a very profitable field both for the country economy as for the local population, a decrease in number of Romanian and especially foreign tourists has been registered. Statistics show us that in 1992 there were 106.600 foreign tourists and in 1995 there were only 68.400 foreign tourists. The use of accommodation capacity is also at a very low level, in Constanta county 54 % is used and in Tulcea county only 23 % is used. There are also negative aspects in insufficient capitalisation and effectiveness of the potential tourist value. Also a lack of good transport to the coast and the Danube-Delta.

4.3 Fisheries and Aquaculture

There are significant negative aspects in marine biodiversity, such as a drastic decrease of several marine organisms, partly due to the appearance of new opportunistic species in the Black Sea. Ecological changes were reflected in the commercial catches. In the 1960 s, 26 commercial fish species were caught and nowadays this number has declined to 5 species. [36]

4.4 Transport

Transport in Dobrogea is represented by maritime, river, car, railway and air transport. The initial connections for foreign trade is still by maritime transport. River transport is mainly progressing on the Danube between localities such as Ostrov, Macin, Isaccea and Sulina. The section between Tulcea and Sulina is part of the international river transport system. Ships sail only during daytime and ores, oil and timber are usually being transported. And of course there is the 65 km long Danube - Black Sea Channel. The use of the canal shortens the sailing in the Danube with at least 300 km.
Dobrogea is has more than 3500 km of roads, of which 2000 km has been modernised. Constanta is first with the modernisation of its roads.
Railway transport is first represented by the Constanta - Cernavoda thoroughfare rail network. This a connection with the central part of the country and allows transport of 65 goods trains about 20 travellers trains. The second rail network connects Tulcea county with the rest of the country. A third network locally connects the region. The total railroad length is 68 km in Tulcea county and 392 km in Constanta county (1994).
Two airports exist in the region, in Tulcea and in Constanta, the latter being an international airport. Generally, in winter, the flights are only to Bucharest and in the summer there are more internal flights and also external flights.

4.5 Harbours and Shipping

An important part of the Romanian trade takes place by marine transport. In the area there are four main harbours: Constanta, Mangalia, Midia and Sulina. The traffic in Constanta harbour increased rapidly the last decades from 14.5 million tons in 1970 to 45 million tons in 1980. Simultaneously, the traffic structure changed, reaching a growth of imports of up to 65% and a structure diversification. The export is about 35% of the total harbour traffic and 60 % of the country’s export are carried out through this port. The port is increasingly used by other countries, many cargo agencies running their business in the port. Midia harbour is used for oil traffic and Mangalia harbour for different goods and ore traffic. Sulina harbour has the statute of a free port, specialised in heavy goods traffic. [37]

4.6 Industry

In industry the decrease of total industrial production as well as the increase of unemployment are evident. For instance the total industrial production in 1995 was only 60 % from the production of 1989. These are figures for the Constanta county, which is the best industrialised of the two coastal zone counties.

4.7 Agriculture

In the agricultural sector a decrease has been registered in the total agricultural production, although in this field there is the best and most extended irrigation system. In 1994 the total agricultural represented 56.3% from the value of the 1990 production. Another problem persisting in agriculture is the uncontrolled irrigation leading to an increase of humidity in some soils and subsequently, to an increase of salt in them.

5. Framework for Development of ICZM
 

A number of documents that relate to the implementation of ICZM, have been signed by Romania and were adopted at international and regional level. The main ones are the Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development with its ‘Agenda 21’(1992), The Bucharest Convention (1992), The Odessa Ministerial Declaration (1993) and the Black Sea Strategic Action Plan (BS SAP) (1996). The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas, MARPOL, the ECE Convention, the Danube Convention and the Ramsar Convention have been signed and ratified as well. The basic decision to introduce the ICZM process in the Black Sea coastal zones has been adopted by the Odessa Declaration. This decision has been further elaborated in the BS SAP. The National ICZM Report and the National ICZM Policies and Strategies Report have both been written as well.
 
 

6. National Achievements in the Field of ICZM
 

References